- Nara
Kibi no Makibi
吉備真備
Why it mattersBooks, instruments and learning acquired abroad became resources for court administration, education and ceremonial work. - Edo
Hayashi Razan
林羅山
Why it mattersConfucian scholarship and teaching placed learned expertise in the service of the early Tokugawa government. - Edo
Sugita Genpaku
杉田玄白
Why it mattersAnatomical observation and translation connected difficult language work to medical practice and publication. - Edo
Inō Tadataka
伊能忠敬
Why it mattersSurvey instruments, travel records and repeated measurements made geographical knowledge a collective practical undertaking. - Edo
Mamiya Rinzō
間宮林蔵
Why it mattersSurveying and journeys through northern territories joined technical methods to the collection of geographical information. - Bakumatsu
Sakuma Shōzan
佐久間象山
Why it mattersStudy, technical experiment and teaching informed his proposals concerning coastal defense and foreign knowledge. - Bakumatsu
Philipp Franz von Siebold
フィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルト
Why it mattersClinical teaching and collecting brought medical practice into a wider exchange of materials and knowledge. - Bakumatsu
Kusumoto Ine
楠本イネ
Why it mattersHer sustained work in Western obstetrics turned apprenticeship and medical learning into care for patients. - Meiji
Inoue Kowashi
井上毅
Why it mattersLegal study and repeated drafting converted institutional arguments into government documents. - Meiji
Mikimoto Kōkichi
御木本幸吉
Why it mattersPearl cultivation required continuing experiments with oysters, skilled marine work and the development of a commercial enterprise.
