在日本，什么时候可以吃肉？

Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University Library, Ōe Collection exhibition explanation, June 21, 2024, “江戸時代の出版料理書と特徴,” entry “料理物語（1643）.” The catalogue identifies the beasts and birds sections and the uncertainty surrounding the author and publisher. A recipe's presence is distinguished from the frequency or social distribution of its use. https://www.kasei-gakuin.ac.jp/news/20240621-27073/

National Diet Library, 本の万華鏡 17, “日本のだし文化とうま味の発見,” chapter 2, entries for 大草殿より相伝之聞書 and 料理物語. The page reproduces passages concerning swan, bonito stock, and vegetarian stock. Its Ryōri monogatari example is a 1664 edition reproduced in a later collection; the book's original publication was 1643. “Vegetarian stock” describes the plant-based alternative in the passage, not every dish called vegetarian in all periods. https://www.ndl.go.jp/kaleido/entry/17/2.html

Nihon shoki, book 29, Tenmu 4 (675), fourth month, entries for the fifth and seventeenth days; W. G. Aston, trans., Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, vol. 2 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1896), pp. 328–329, transcription on Wikisource. The vegetarian feast, restrictions on capture, seasonal fish-trap clause, and named meat prohibition are separate statements. The chronicle was compiled after the events; its decree is not treated as an enforcement survey. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi/Book_XXIX

Mark Hudson and Irene M. Muñoz Fernández, “Henceforth Fishermen and Hunters Are to Be Restrained: Towards a Political Ecology of Animal Usage in Premodern Japan,” Asian Archaeology 7 (2023): 183–201, sections 2.1–2.2, DOI 10.1007/s41826-023-00072-6. The review distinguishes animal labor from meat production and discusses early modern animal remains. Finds from individual sites do not establish a national meat-consumption rate. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41826-023-00072-6

Barbara R. Ambros, “Partaking of Life: Buddhism, Meat-Eating, and Sacrificial Discourses of Gratitude in Contemporary Japan,” Religions 10, no. 4 (2019), article 279, historical discussion beginning “Meat and fish eating among the laity,” DOI 10.3390/rel10040279. The account of Suwa no mon draws on Lisa Grumbach's research. The medieval rationale is evidence about religious justification, not a claim that consumption actually caused salvation. The article's contemporary cases are outside this essay's historical scope. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/4/279

Hans Martin Krämer, “‘Not Befitting Our Divine Country’: Eating Meat in Japanese Discourses of Self and Other from the Seventeenth Century to the Present,” Food and Foodways 16, no. 1 (2008): 33–62, especially pp. 38–42, DOI 10.1080/07409710701885135. Edo hanjōki and Aguranabe are used as literary representations, not comprehensive records of actual customers or national attitudes. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710701885135

Fukuzawa Yukichi, 肉食之説 [On Eating Meat], 1870, main argument and appended descriptions of milk products; Aozora Bunko transcription based on 福澤諭吉全集, vol. 20 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1963; reprint 1971). Comparisons and product instructions are paraphrased. Claims about health are Fukuzawa's historical advocacy and are not adopted as nutritional or medical conclusions. https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000296/files/47343_42900.html

Edo-Tokyo Museum, Tokyo Museum Collection, 肉食之説, object 96200791, dated autumn 1870, issuer “牛馬会社.” The collection record supports the publication's commercial setting independently of the later collected-text edition. https://museumcollection.tokyo/works/6525372/

Noma Mariko (野間万里子), “近代日本における肉食受容過程の分析―辻売、牛鍋と西洋料理,” 農業史研究 40 (2006): 77–88, especially pp. 78 and 85–86, DOI 10.18966/joah.40.0_77. The continuity of meal forms and the differing reputations of gyūnabe, Western food, and street stews are Noma's historical interpretation. These distinctions are not converted into fixed attitudes shared by all diners. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joah/40/0/40_KJ00009050364/_article/-char/en ; https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joah/40/0/40_KJ00009050364/_pdf/-char/en

National Archives of Japan, “僧侶肉食妻帯蓄髪ヲ許ス,” 太政類典, call number 太00493100, item 010, Meiji 5, fourth month, twenty-fifth day; Shiga Prefectural Archives, “自今僧侶肉食妻帯蓄髪等可為勝手事,” call number 明-い-30-2, item 51. The original calendar date is retained in this note rather than silently converted into a Gregorian April date. The permission concerns clergy and is distinguished from a universal command to eat meat. https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/item/1385781.html ; https://archives.pref.shiga.lg.jp/OPAC/Home/Details/985766