在日本，孩子什么时候成为大人？

Hōten Chōsakai, Civil Code Main Committee, ninth meeting, 29 September 1893, discussion of draft Article 3; and the fourth plenary meeting's subsequent discussion. Transcriptions in the Legal Information Platform, “3条（明治民法）,” sections 「主査会原案／議事録」 and 「総会原案／議事録」. The discussion above paraphrases the recorded positions rather than reconstructing conversation beyond the transcript. The platform labels its transcription uncorrected. https://law-platform.jp/hist/129089d/129089_131009/AQADAQEB . Meeting sequence and date: https://law-platform.jp/pages/5d64aa3aea0bef11a9d7ac7d

Ogawa Naoyuki, interview 「日本の成年の歴史をひも解く　いくつもの『大人像』（前編）」, Kokugakuin University, 22 December 2021, section 「兵役を課す年齢を『成年』とした明治時代」, discussion of eighth-century male service classifications. These classifications concern specified obligations, not a universal description of social maturity. https://www.kokugakuin.ac.jp/article/273387

Gregory M. Pflugfelder, “The Nation-State, the Age/Gender System, and the Reconstitution of Erotic Desire in Nineteenth-Century Japan,” The Journal of Asian Studies 71, no. 4 (2012): 963–974, especially the discussion of premodern age categories and the later introduction of completed-year thresholds. The article's analysis of social age is used here; its distinct argument about erotic categories is not the subject of this essay. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911812001222

National Diet Library, 本の万華鏡 31, 「成人の儀式―古代から近世まで―」 (April 2022), chapter 1, 「冠礼と元服」, 「宮中・公家男性の成人儀礼」, and 「裳着」. The 714 entry comes from the exhibition's presentation of Shoku Nihongi. The description of women's rites draws on its historical explanation, not on treating scenes from 《源氏物语》 or Ochikubo monogatari as witnessed events. https://www.ndl.go.jp/kaleido/entry/31/1.html

National Diet Library, same exhibition, chapter 2, 「儀式と年齢」, paragraph on Yoshinori's recorded age of thirty-six. His earlier religious career is distinguished here from qualification for a secular role. Keio University's object description, 「足利義教筆短冊」, available through Japan Search, supplies the 1429 appointment chronology. https://www.ndl.go.jp/kaleido/entry/31/2.html ; https://jpsearch.go.jp/item/keioobjecthub-1275

National Diet Library, chapter 2, 「儀式と年齢」, Ietsuna paragraph. The ages five, sixteen, and nineteen are the account's historical age designations, not completed-birthday calculations. https://www.ndl.go.jp/kaleido/entry/31/2.html

Mitsui Bunko, 三井のあゆみ, chapter 19, 「奉公人１　昇進と報酬」, sections 「職階と昇進」 and 「給与」. The archive explicitly presents the ages and grades as a model career. It distinguishes apprentices, clerks, live-in service, separate establishment, and accumulated compensation; the model is not an average calculated here from personnel registers. https://mitsui-bunko.or.jp/archives/story19/

Ishihara Yoshiki, Mie Prefectural History Compilation Group, 「17か条の規約で秩序維持―『若者組』の詳細明らかに」, 発見！三重の歴史, discussion of the Kusube district documents, particularly the 1701 若衆従古来仕来帳, the 1733 membership and dispute records, and the 1791 Tsu-domain order. The Kusube material is reported through the prefectural historian's account; the membership count does not establish a single national admission age. https://www.bunka.pref.mie.lg.jp/rekishi/kenshi/asp/hakken/detail220.html

Ogawa Naoyuki, interview 「日本の成年の歴史をひも解く　いくつもの『大人像』（後編）」, Kokugakuin University, 22 December 2021, section 「庶民世界の『大人』には『3つの基準』があった」. The distinction between age, bodily development, and a full worker's competence is Ogawa's analytical framing. Local examples are not treated as universal rules. https://www.kokugakuin.ac.jp/article/274077

Council of State proclamation no. 41, 1 April 1876, as reproduced and discussed in Ogawa's interview cited in note age02; and Meiji Civil Code, Article 3, enacted in the 1896 portion of the code. The historical text is 「満二十年ヲ以テ成年トス」. This article discusses the Meiji provisions, not the law governing majority today. https://law-platform.jp/hist/129089/129089_416147/AQAEAQEB

Meiji Civil Code, Articles 4 and 6; Ume Kenjirō, Minpō yōgi, commentary on Article 6, reproduced by the Legal Information Platform. Ume explains the ordinary consent rule, the commercial reason for authorization, and the continuing limitation outside the permitted business. The legal capacity described is limited to its stated scope. https://law-platform.jp/hist/129089/129089_131009/AQAGAQEB

Meiji Civil Code, Articles 1061–1062; Ume Kenjirō, Minpō yōgi, Succession volume, commentary on those articles, reproduced by the Legal Information Platform. The statutory age, consent exception, and stated rationale are distinguished from actual rates of testament-making. Historical Article 1061 is displayed on the platform's later Article 961 history page. https://law-platform.jp/hist/129089/129089_322222/AQPBAQEB ; https://law-platform.jp/irefs/129089d/129089_131009_%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%81%E7%BE%A9%235-23ed

National Diet Library, 近代日本人の肖像, 「第1回衆議院議員選挙で当選した人々」, introductory account of the 1890 election and its electorate. The entry specifies the historical age, sex, and tax qualifications. https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/pickup/024