日本怎样统计人口？

Nara National Museum, “Chikuzen no Kuni Shima-gun Kawanobe-ri Koseki Dankan” (筑前国嶋郡川辺里戸籍断簡), object no. 871-0, dated 702. The museum description identifies the six-year registration cycle, transmission from provinces to the center, administrative use for land allotment, taxation and service, and the entry order of relationship to household head, name, age, age category, and remarks. https://www.narahaku.go.jp/collection/p-871-0.html

Statistics Bureau of Japan, “Taishō 9-nen (1920-nen) Dai 1-kai Kokusei Chōsa: Wagakuni Saisho no Kokusei Chōsa” (大正9年(1920年)第1回 国勢調査　我が国最初の国勢調査), history of the first census. The page distinguishes earlier population statistics compiled from administrative records from direct modern statistical investigation and discusses duplication discovered in registration-based estimates. https://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2015/kouhou/ayumi-01.html

Nara National Museum, “Chikuzen no Kuni Shima-gun Kawanobe-ri Koseki Dankan,” alternate collection commentary citing Nara National Museum Masterpieces: A Century of the Collection (1997), p. 305, no. 124. It explains that after the register's retention period, the reverse was reused in 748 for a Lotus Sutra copying-office record. https://www.narahaku.go.jp/collection/v-871-0_3.html

Susan B. Hanley, “Toward an Analysis of Demographic and Economic Change in Tokugawa Japan: A Village Study,” The Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 3 (May 1972): 515–537, especially note 5 and the published abstract. The accessible Cambridge text describes the development of shūmon aratame, its nationwide use after the Shimabara Rebellion, the relationship of religious registers to the 1721 national survey, annual working copies in Fujito, household seals, updates for deaths and entrants, and regional differences in registration. https://doi.org/10.2307/2052232 ; https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/65A95DFB3CEE2EA632918EC5F6A08A38

Statistics Bureau of Japan, “02A-Q19 Edo jidai no wagakuni no jinkō” (江戸時代の我が国の人口), FAQ last updated 17 March 2016. It lists the twelve surviving national province-level survey years from 1721 through 1846 and identifies the compilation in which the tables can be consulted. https://www.stat.go.jp/library/faq/faq02/faq02a19.htm

Statistics Bureau of Japan, “Nihon Zenkoku Kosekihyō” (日本全国戸籍表), Statistical Heritage page. The bureau identifies the 1872 nationwide household/population investigation as the oldest nationwide population statistical compilation of the Meiji period and gives compilation/publication dates. https://www.stat.go.jp/museum/toukei150/shiryo/shiryo5.html

Statistics Bureau of Japan, “Kokusei chōsa izen no jinkō no shirabekata wa?” (国勢調査以前の人口の調べ方は？), Statistical History Trivia. The page gives the 1871 Family Registration Law, the roughly 33.11 million total derived from the first national register, the subsequent method of updating population through registered births, deaths, and moves, and the discrepancies revealed by the 1920 census. https://www.stat.go.jp/museum/toukei150/trivia/trivia04.html

Statistics Bureau of Japan, Statistical Museum, “Kai no Kuni Genzai Ninbetsu Shirabe” (甲斐の國現在人別調). The institutional page describes the survey as a trial for a national census and records a population of 397,416, a survey staff of 2,000, and the reported survey cost. It is used here to show a direct-survey experiment before 1920, not as evidence that the later national census simply copied its procedures unchanged. https://www.stat.go.jp/museum/shiryo/guide/sugi1.html