日本的军队怎样找到服役的人？

Nagoya University Library, Hibi family documents, Hibi 2-6-8, 第二国民軍成丁簿, dated through 12 December 1873; Tokai National Higher Education and Research System Academic Digital Archive, record N0001-20230901-78545. The catalogue identifies Makita, Ichinose, Sawada, and Otosaka villages and notes accompanying conscription and exemption lists. The essay uses that documentary classification, not an unperformed count or transcription of the individual entries. https://da.adm.thers.ac.jp/item/n0001-20230901-78545

Shimomukai Tatsuhiko (下向井龍彦), “日本律令軍制の形成過程,” 史学雑誌 100, no. 6 (1991): 1076–1102, DOI 10.24471/shigaku.100.6_1076, published English abstract. The discussion uses the author's stated sequence of regional-force reorganization, depots, household recruitment units, and register-based conscription. The full paper's reconstruction of international objectives and individual campaigns is not adopted from the abstract. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680111716352

Shimomukai, “日本律令軍制の基本構造,” 史学研究 175 (18 June 1987): 17–43, published English abstract in Hiroshima University's repository. Used for the four functions distinguished by the author: peacetime administration, corps organization and training, central mobilization, and wartime command. This is a structural account, not proof that every prescribed mobilization worked as intended. https://hiroshima.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2022957

Odawara City Cultural Properties Division, “北条家虎朱印状 天正9年7月24日付,” municipal cultural-property description, updated 30 January 2025. Identifies Hōjō Ujinao's 1581 order to Ikeda Magozaemon-no-jō, the assessment including yoriko, fifty-six men including Ikeda, and equipment requirements. The catalogue's explanation is used rather than an independent reading of the original handwriting or the complete Odawara City History source volume. https://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/field/lifelong/property/cultural/komonjyo/k-houzyou3.html

Odawara City Cultural Properties Division, “北条家虎朱印状（永禄4年）10月11日付,” updated 30 January 2025, explanatory paragraphs. The missing year is tentatively assigned to 1561 by the catalogue; the proposed identification is retained as such. The document specifies numbers and equipment for the expected encounter with Takeda forces, not an observed attendance count. https://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/field/lifelong/property/cultural/komonjyo/k-houzyou1.html

Odawara City Cultural Properties Division, “北条家虎朱印状 己卯（天正7年）5月24日付,” updated 30 January 2025. The catalogue identifies the 1579 summons to the carpenter Sōzaemon of Tawara and describes the reporting date, next-day start, illness clause, and threatened penalty. The body uses the year only. The summons concerns compulsory repair work, not assignment as a fighting soldier. https://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/field/lifelong/property/cultural/komonjyo/k-houzyou2.html

Yonezawa City Uesugi Museum, “『上杉文書』編成および史料解題,” section “軍制／家中軍役人数.” Items 0862-02–09 are the 1631 military-manpower returns; 0862-01 concerns equipment; 0854 is an 1862 copy of the 1654 register. The catalogue descriptions establish these records and dates, without demonstrating unchanged enforcement between them. https://www.denkoku-no-mori.yonezawa.yamagata.jp/togodb/編成解説テスト.html

D. Colin Jaundrill, Samurai to Soldier: Remaking Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016), publisher's book description and published abstract for chapter 1, “The Rise of Western-Style Musketry, 1841–1860.” Used for the study's placement of military-service reform before 1868 and its shogunal and domain setting. These summaries, not the full monograph, were consulted. https://academic.oup.com/cornell-scholarship-online/book/30438 ; https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501703096.003.0002

National Archives of Japan, 日本のあゆみ, “徴兵令が発せられる,” January 1873, document 公00666, 徴兵令並近衛兵編成兵額等伺, catalogue explanation. Supports examination, selection by lot, standing and subsequent service liabilities, the wider militia register, and the listed exemptions. These are provisions of the 1873 arrangement, not an assertion that the same exemptions survived every later revision. https://www.archives.go.jp/ayumi/kobetsu/m06_1873_01.html

Jaundrill, Samurai to Soldier, chapter 4, “Instituting Universal Military Service, 1873–1876,” pp. 105–130, published chapter abstract. Used only for its account of resistance accompanying attempts to replace deserters at Kyushu posts. It does not supply a national participation rate, the motives of every objecting household, or a detailed reconstruction of the mutinies. https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501703096.003.0005

Nagoya University Library, Hibi family documents, Hibi 15-227-56-1, 〔第二徴兵名簿・第二国民軍成丁簿至急取調べ差し出すべき通達〕, Gifu Prefectural Office, 7 December 1873; Academic Digital Archive, record N0001-20230901-76929. The catalogue identifies the sender, addressee, date, and urgent submission request. An instruction to submit registers is not evidence that submission was completed. https://da.adm.thers.ac.jp/item/n0001-20230901-76929

Japan Center for Asian Historical Records (JACAR), reference C09071141200, “6/30 栃木県より徴兵免否の件伺,” 30 June 1883; National Institute for Defense Studies, Army Ministry collection, 陸軍省-審按-M16-4-60. The supplied transcription contains the ministry's internal analysis and proposed directive on a replacement heir's exemption. It is used as a recorded administrative question and draft response, not proof of a final individual disposition or the frequency of attempted avoidance. https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/das/meta/C09071141200

Sean O’Reilly, “The Evolution of Warfare and Weapons in Japan, 792–1392,” Histories 4, no. 1 (2024): 24–37, section 3, especially the comparison of William Wayne Farris and Karl Friday on the 792 changes and the kondei. The contrast is reported through O’Reilly’s historiographical discussion; it does not imply fresh reading of the underlying monographs or an instantaneous origin of the samurai. https://doi.org/10.3390/histories4010002