日本货币的价值由谁决定？

Bank of Japan Currency Museum, 常設展示図録 [Permanent Exhibition Catalogue], printed p. 52, “小額貨幣の発行,” entries for the Meiwa five-momme silver and Nanryō two-shu silver. The catalogue explains the 1765 and 1772 issues, their stipulated conversions, and the contrasting conditions of reception. The inscription's meaning follows the museum's catalogue explanation. https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/collection/tenjizuroku/mod/book/pageindices/index55.html

Nishikawa Yūichi (西川裕一), “江戸期三貨制度の萌芽―中世から近世への貨幣経済の連続性,” 金融研究 18, no. 4 (1999): 95–112, especially p. 97. The discussion identifies payments around official construction and the 1176 sale-document evidence. Nishikawa's discussion supplies the documentary cases and their historical interpretation. https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/japanese/kk18-4-3.pdf

Bank of Japan Currency Museum, “日本貨幣史,” sections on Wadō kaichin, ancient coinage's decline, commodity money, and medieval coin selection. The account supplies the 708 and 958 issue dates and distinguishes coinage from the wider uses of goods as money. A final issue date is not treated as a simultaneous national cessation of transactions. https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/history/content/index.html

Kuroda Akinobu (黒田明伸), “中世日本と中国の銭貨流通の共時性,” にちぎん 11 (2007): 28–31, especially pp. 28 and 31. The hoard comparison and East Asian perspective complicate a simple division between official good coins and private bad coins. A hoard's composition is not a census of every contemporary payment. https://www2.boj.or.jp/archive/announcements/koho_nichigin/backnumber/data/nichigin11-8.pdf

Bank of Japan Currency Museum, English historical explanation of Edo-period currency units; and the museum's “日本貨幣史,” sections on the establishment of the three-currency system. Gold denominations, weighed silver, and counted cash are distinguished from the rates used to convert between them. https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english/ ; https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/history/content/index.html

Ōtsuka Hideki (大塚英樹), “江戸時代における改鋳の歴史とその評価,” 金融研究 18, no. 4 (1999): 73–94, especially pp. 78–79 and the opening summary. The exchange premiums are central to Ōtsuka's argument that a counted gold denomination did not always sever value from metal content. The essay does not adopt a single motive or an overall evaluative verdict for all recoinages. https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/japanese/kk18-4-2.pdf

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan, July 29, 1858, Article V, English text in the World and Japan database. The exchange undertaking and export provisions are distinct clauses; the treaty is evidence of stipulated rules, not a record of every transaction under them. https://worldjpn.net/documents/texts/pw/18580729.T1E.html

Takeda Haruhito (武田晴人), “幕末の金流出―『両』制度の崩壊,” にちぎん 18 (2009): 24–27, especially pp. 24–26. Takeda explains the importance of counted silver, treaty-port exchange, and the 1860 change in gold coinage. Approximate conversion arithmetic describes the mechanism; no total gold-export estimate or guaranteed individual profit is inferred. https://www2.boj.or.jp/archive/announcements/koho_nichigin/backnumber/data/nichigin18-7.pdf

Kasuya Makoto (粕谷誠), “円の誕生,” にちぎん 19 (2009): 24–27, especially p. 26. The distinction between a shared unit and the unequal exchange values of paper, gold, and silver is essential to the account. The 1871 framework is not conflated with later establishment of a unified note issue. https://www2.boj.or.jp/archive/announcements/koho_nichigin/backnumber/data/nichigin19-7.pdf

Bank of Japan, “Who Issues Japanese Banknotes?”, historical sections on government notes, national banks, and the establishment of the Bank of Japan. The discussion is used for institutional identities rather than as a complete causal account of early Meiji inflation. https://www.boj.or.jp/en/about/education/oshiete/money/c02.htm

National Printing Bureau, “History of Japanese Paper Currency (Meiji Era),” entry for 1885. The entry identifies the first Bank of Japan silver-convertible issue and its Daikoku designation. The essay does not identify every later denomination as first issued in the same year. https://www.npb.go.jp/en/products/intro/ostu_history/osatsu_history2.html

Bank of Japan, “Why Are Banknotes on the Liability Side of the Bank's Balance Sheet?”, historical opening paragraphs on silver convertibility. The obligation to exchange is distinguished from the physical material of a note. Later changes to convertibility and present monetary policy lie outside this essay. https://www.boj.or.jp/en/about/education/oshiete/outline/a23.htm